Within UFODAP
What keeps a detector from crying UFO?
UFODAP-style systems must reduce routine sky traffic before any remaining track can be treated as interesting.
On this page
- Common ordinary targets in sky footage
- How automated labels can reduce review time
- Why fuller context often changes the case
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Introduction
An automated sky-watching system is useful only if it can reject far more ordinary events than it preserves. In practice, the overwhelming majority of detections made by UFODAP-style optical tracking systems are expected to be conventional aircraft, birds, insects, satellites, atmospheric effects, or sensor artefacts rather than genuinely unexplained objects. The challenge is therefore not merely detecting motion but filtering routine traffic without accidentally discarding unusual events. NASA’s recent UAP studies have repeatedly stressed that most reports ultimately involve conventional objects, environmental effects, or limitations in the available data, making careful discrimination the central problem of any instrumented detection programme.[NASA Science+2WIRED]science.nasa.govNASA ScienceIndependent Study Team ReportUnidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet's greatest mysteries. Observations…
For hobbyist systems such as UFODAP, false alerts are not a side issue. They are the dominant operational reality. A detector that records every moving object may produce thousands of clips, but a detector that reliably labels common targets can reduce review time dramatically and allow attention to focus on the small fraction of events that remain unexplained.[UFODAP]ufodap.comDap Camera, Science and TechnologyThis feature can recognize aircraft and birds, modifying the video file name… folder name to include…
Common ordinary targets in sky footage
Aircraft are usually the biggest source of detections
Aircraft create many of the same visual signatures that trigger automated tracking systems. At long distances they may appear as small luminous points, flashing lights, elongated streaks, or slowly moving objects with no obvious structure. Changes in viewing angle can make a commercial airliner seem to stop, accelerate, brighten, dim, or alter direction unexpectedly.
Because aircraft are common and highly variable in appearance, automated classification systems devote significant effort to recognising them. UFODAP specifically states that its analysis tools can identify aircraft and label recordings accordingly, optionally adding estimated target types and confidence values to recorded folders. The objective is not to prove identification with certainty but to reduce the amount of routine footage requiring manual inspection.[UFODAP]ufodap.comDap Camera, Science and TechnologyThis feature can recognize aircraft and birds, modifying the video file name… folder name to include…
Research outside the UAP field reaches the same conclusion. Automated all-sky monitoring systems used in astronomy and satellite-laser-ranging operations increasingly employ machine learning specifically to detect and classify aircraft because conventional motion-trigger methods generate excessive nuisance detections.[ResearchGate]researchgate.netResearch Gate Detection of aircraft traces in nighttime all-sky cameraDetection of aircraft traces in nighttime all-sky camera…November 7, 2023 — In this work we demonstrate the automatic dete…
Birds are harder than many observers expect
Birds are among the most persistent causes of apparent anomalies. A bird crossing near a camera can move much faster across the image than a distant aircraft. Wing beats create fluctuating brightness, irregular shapes and sudden changes in apparent speed. At night, birds illuminated by artificial lighting may appear as isolated luminous objects with no visible body.
Computer-vision researchers working on bird-detection systems routinely describe false detections and classification difficulties caused by changing backgrounds, weather, vegetation movement and varying bird appearances. In many systems, substantial filtering is required before useful bird identification becomes possible.[DIVA Portal+2PMC]diva-portal.orgDIVA Portal Bird Detection SystemDIVA PortalBird Detection SystemApril 28, 2022 — by P Notla · 2022 · Cited by 1 — In addition to removing repeating false positives, the…
For a UAP hobbyist station, birds are especially troublesome because they can generate motion patterns that look less predictable than aircraft. A detector tuned only for movement may therefore flag birds disproportionately often.
Insects can dominate close-range detections
Many dramatic-looking recordings originate only a few centimetres or metres from the lens. Insects crossing a camera’s field of view can appear as bright spheres, elongated streaks, translucent shapes or rapidly manoeuvring objects. Because the camera lacks depth information, a nearby insect may appear much larger and faster than it truly is.
This problem becomes worse at night when infrared illumination or long exposure settings make insects highly visible while suppressing visual cues that would reveal their actual distance.
Why artefacts can look more mysterious than real objects
Not every detection corresponds to a physical object in the monitored airspace. Some originate within the imaging system itself.
Common artefact sources include:
- Sensor noise in low-light conditions.
- Compression artefacts in digital video streams.
- Motion blur from long exposures.
- Focus changes and autofocus hunting.
- Lens reflections and internal reflections.
- Bright stars or planets distorted by atmospheric turbulence.
- PTZ camera movement creating apparent target motion.
- Weather effects such as rain, snow, mist or blowing debris.
A key lesson from both astronomy and UAP investigations is that isolated imagery can easily mislead. NASA’s UAP study emphasised that poor calibration, missing metadata and lack of contextual measurements frequently prevent reliable interpretation of unusual-looking recordings.[NASA Science]science.nasa.govNASA ScienceIndependent Study Team ReportUnidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet's greatest mysteries. Observations…
This is why modern instrumented-observatory proposals increasingly rely on multiple sensors rather than a single camera. The Galileo Project’s multimodal observatory concept, for example, explicitly treats cross-checking between independent instruments as a way to distinguish genuine targets from camera artefacts.[arXiv]arxiv.orgThe Scientific Investigation of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Using Multimodal Ground-Based ObservatoriesMay 29, 2023…
How automated labels can reduce review time
The most practical response to false alerts is not attempting perfect identification but prioritising likely explanations.
UFODAP’s software architecture reflects this philosophy. Rather than declaring an object to be a UFO, it attempts to classify known categories such as aircraft and birds and attaches confidence estimates to recordings. Events matching common patterns can then be reviewed later or filtered from immediate attention.[UFODAP]ufodap.comDap Camera, Science and TechnologyThis feature can recognize aircraft and birds, modifying the video file name… folder name to include…
This approach mirrors a broader trend in machine vision:
- Detect motion or a candidate target.
- Track it long enough to gather behavioural information.
- Compare the track against known classes.
- Assign a probability rather than a definitive label.
- Escalate only uncertain cases for human review.
The value comes from reducing analyst workload. If thousands of routine detections can be categorised automatically, the remaining small percentage of uncertain events become more manageable for detailed examination.
Importantly, confidence scores matter. A detector that labels every object with unjustified certainty risks hiding classification mistakes. A detector that records uncertainty allows reviewers to revisit difficult cases.
Why fuller context often changes the case
Many apparently unusual recordings become ordinary once additional information is added.
Context may include:
- Flight-tracking data.[ufodap.myshopify.com]ufodap.myshopify.comIt provides for three types of hardware and softwareCameras for UFO/UAP tracking and data collection - ufodapOTDAU software requires one camera, and optionally two, to detect and then track…
- Weather conditions.
- Astronomical object positions.
- Camera orientation and zoom level.
- PTZ movement logs.
- Multiple camera views.
- Environmental sensor readings.
- Earlier and later portions of the recording.
NASA’s UAP report repeatedly argues that better contextual data is more valuable than isolated imagery because anomalous appearances often arise from ordinary objects observed under unusual conditions.[NASA Science+2NASA]science.nasa.govNASA ScienceIndependent Study Team ReportUnidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet's greatest mysteries. Observations…
A distant aircraft viewed head-on, a bird crossing close to the lens, and a sensor artefact produced by camera motion may all appear unusual in a short clip. Once trajectory information, timing data and environmental measurements are added, the apparent anomaly frequently disappears.
This creates an important principle for automated UFO detectors: the most valuable recording is not necessarily the most dramatic image. It is the recording with enough accompanying information to rule out aircraft, birds and artefacts. Only after those routine explanations have been systematically eliminated does a remaining track become genuinely interesting for further analysis.[The Guardian+2WIRED]theguardian.comThis initiative aims to collect and analyze data, demystify sightings, and promote a science-based perspective. The use of AI and machine…
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The Backyard Astronomer's Guide
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Endnotes
1.
Source: science.nasa.gov
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf
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NASA ScienceIndependent Study Team ReportUnidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet's greatest mysteries. Observations...
2.
Source: wired.com
Link:https://www.wired.com/story/nasa-ufos-aliens-report-2023/
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NASA Didn't Find Aliens—but if You See Any UFOs, Holler14 Sept 2023 — “We find no evidence to suggest that UAP are extraterrestrial...
3.
Source: ufodap.com
Link:https://ufodap.com/technology
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Dap Camera, Science and TechnologyThis feature can recognize aircraft and birds, modifying the video file name... folder name to include...
4.
Source: researchgate.net
Title: Research Gate Detection of aircraft traces in nighttime all-sky camera
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380882646_Detection_of_aircraft_traces_in_nighttime_all-sky_camera_images_using_deep_learning_A_new_way_to_improve_aerial_safety_in_Satellite_Laser_Ranging_operations
Source snippet
Detection of aircraft traces in nighttime all-sky camera...November 7, 2023 — In this work we demonstrate the automatic dete...
Published: November 7, 2023
5.
Source: diva-portal.org
Title: DIVA Portal Bird Detection System
Link:https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1653806/FULLTEXT02
Source snippet
DIVA PortalBird Detection SystemApril 28, 2022 — by P Notla · 2022 · Cited by 1 — In addition to removing repeating [false positives]({{ 'false-positives/' | relative_url }}), the...
Published: April 28, 2022
6.
Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/html/2508.18136v1
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BirdRecorder's AI on Sky: Safeguarding birds of prey by...25 Aug 2025 — To avoid false positive detections, we had to mask out cons...
8.
Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18566
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The Scientific Investigation of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Using Multimodal Ground-Based ObservatoriesMay 29, 2023...
Published: May 29, 2023
9.
Source: nasa.gov
Title: to release discuss unidentified anomalous phenomena report
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-release-discuss-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-report/
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NASA to Release, Discuss Unidentified Anomalous...12 Sept 2023 — NASA defines UAP as observations of events in the sky that cannot be id...
10.
Source: science.nasa.gov
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/uap/
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nasa.govUAP9 Jun 2022 — The study will focus on identifying available data, how best to collect future data, and how NASA can use that da...
11.
Source: nasa.gov
Title: update nasa shares uap independent study report names director
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/update-nasa-shares-uap-independent-study-report-names-director/
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UPDATE: NASA Shares UAP Independent Study Report14 Sept 2023 — We found that NASA can help the whole-of-government UAP effort through sys...
12.
Source: ntrs.nasa.gov
Title: s UAS.Read mo
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and Tracking of Aircraft in the Far-Field from...by CV Dolph · 2021 · Cited by 18 — Another goal is the development of a perception syst...
13.
Source: science.nasa.gov
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8 May 2026 — In 2023, NASA commissioned the UAP Independent Study... To learn more, you may read the UAP Independent Study Team Final Re...
Published: May 2026
14.
Source: ufodap.com
Title: UFODA P
Link:https://ufodap.com/
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Science and Technology, Ufo, UapThe UFO Data Acquisition Project objective is to enable UAP/UFO research by deployment of advanc...
15.
Source: news.sky.com
Link:https://news.sky.com/story/nasa-ufo-report-live-scientists-to-release-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-findings-12960933
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UFO report - live: Scientists release Unidentified...14 Sept 2023 — NASA has released a report on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena - com...
16.
Source: youtube.com
Title: UFODAP Presentation V2 2
Link:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06osHBotcxk
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UFO/UAP Protocols and Analysis with Ronald Olch (UFO Data Acquisition Project) | 2021 Interview...
17.
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UFODAP Presentation V2 1...
18.
Source: youtube.com
Title: UFODAP Presentation V2 1
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Skyhub ufo tracker information [open source]({{ 'open-source/' | relative_url }}) machine learning...
19.
Source: youtube.com
Title: Skyhub ufo uap tracker detailed information
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UFODAP presentation software data collection UFODAP Hardware and Software Examples Ron Olch...
20.
Source: theguardian.com
Link:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/14/ufo-nasa-research-chief-announcement
Source snippet
This initiative aims to collect and analyze data, demystify sightings, and promote a science-based perspective. The use of AI and machine...
21.
Source: ufodap.myshopify.com
Link:https://ufodap.myshopify.com/
Source snippet
UFODAP ShopHelp advance Ufology by collecting scientifically valid data. This is the place to get the gear to participate. Software, came...
22.
Source: ufodap.myshopify.com
Title: It provides for three types of hardware and software
Link:https://ufodap.myshopify.com/collections/cameras
Source snippet
Cameras for UFO/UAP tracking and data collection - ufodapOTDAU software requires one camera, and optionally two, to detect and then track...
Additional References
23.
Source: reddit.com
Link:https://www.reddit.com/r/Futurology/comments/16ijwyl/nasa_shares_unidentified_anomalous_phenomena/
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NASA Shares Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena...The report contains the external study team's findings and recommendations which aim to i...
24.
Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VD6LteP-GPY
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Aircraft Data Tag TutorialThis content is now obsolete. Please reference recently uploaded videos for up-to-date information.* The Data T...
25.
Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3uXUfgSadU
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UAP Independent Study Event Post-Meeting Media...NASA holds a virtual post-meeting media teleconference following the May 31, 2023 publi...
Published: May 31, 2023
26.
Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQcqOW39ksk
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Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study ReportNASA commissioned an independent study team to examine unidentified anomalous ph...
27.
Source: facebook.com
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Weight and other info is made with another program and pasted on top of the case. 3y · 1...Read more...
28.
Source: port.ac.uk
Title: ufos what well learn from the nasa panel investigating sightings
Link:https://www.port.ac.uk/news-events-and-blogs/blogs/developing-enhanced-technologies/ufos-what-well-learn-from-the-nasa-panel-investigating-sightings
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what we'll learn from the Nasa panel investigating sightings13 Jun 2023 — A committee set up by Nasa has examined about 800 reports of un...
29.
Source: clementfung.me
Link:https://clementfung.me/gallery/papers/iros24-robust-aircraft-detection.pdf
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(DAA) problem deals with incorporating collision avoidance capabilities into current autopilot...Read more...
30.
Source: honda-ri.de
Link:https://www.honda-ri.de/pubs/pdf/2796.pdf
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d by analyzing the frames in a stream of images from a camera for static image parts.Read more...
31.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Independent_Study_Team
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NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent...UAPs are defined as phenomena or observations of events in the air, sea, space, a...
32.
Source: zenodo.org
Link:https://zenodo.org/record/3821139/files/Drone-Aircraft-and-Bird-Identification-in-Video-Images.pdf
Source snippet
30 Apr 2020 — Due to its design, missed detections and [false alarms]({{ 'false-alarms/' | relative_url }}) can occur frequently which can provide misleading information to the...
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